Quick Facts

Chemical Name
Elamipretide
Also Known As
Elamipretide, Bendavia
Category
Longevity & Mitochondria
Administration
Administered via subcutaneous or intravenous injection in clinical settings

What is SS-31?

SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a small tetrapeptide that selectively targets cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It was developed to protect mitochondria from oxidative damage and improve their function. The peptide has been studied in various conditions related to mitochondrial dysfunction, including heart failure, muscular dystrophy, and age-related decline in mitochondrial function.

How Does SS-31 Work?

SS-31 concentrates more than 1000-fold in mitochondria, where it binds to cardiolipin, a phospholipid unique to the inner mitochondrial membrane. This binding stabilizes the electron transport chain, prevents cytochrome c release, reduces reactive oxygen species production, and optimizes ATP production. By protecting mitochondrial function, SS-31 may address a fundamental aspect of cellular aging.

Research-Backed Benefits

Mitochondrial Protection

Strong Evidence

Protects mitochondria from oxidative damage and stabilizes the electron transport chain.

Improved ATP Production

Strong Evidence

Optimizes cellular energy production by improving mitochondrial efficiency.

Cardiac Function

Moderate Evidence

Research in heart failure shows potential benefits for cardiac output and function.

Anti-Aging Potential

Emerging Research

Addresses mitochondrial dysfunction, a key hallmark of aging.

Exercise Performance

Emerging Research

May improve exercise capacity and reduce fatigue.

Dosage Guidelines

Disclaimer: This content is for educational purposes only. Peptides are research compounds not approved by the FDA for human use. Always consult with a qualified healthcare provider.

Typical Range
10-40 mg (clinical trial doses)
Frequency
Daily or as per protocol
Duration
4 weeks to ongoing

Clinical trials have used various dosing regimens. Optimal dosing for different applications is still being researched.

Side Effects & Safety

  • Generally well tolerated in clinical trials
  • Injection site reactions
  • Possible headache
  • Fatigue (uncommon)

Frequently Asked Questions

SS-31 specifically targets cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane, protecting it from oxidative damage and optimizing energy production.
SS-31 (Elamipretide) has been in clinical trials for various conditions but is not yet FDA approved. It has received Fast Track and Orphan Drug designations.
Research suggests SS-31 addresses mitochondrial dysfunction, a key aspect of aging. While promising, more research is needed to confirm anti-aging effects in humans.

References

  1. Butler J, et al. "Elamipretide in patients with heart failure." JACC Heart Failure, 2020. PMID: 32171764

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